Abstract
The particle/droplet-laden turbulent flows occur in many important natural and technological situations, e.g., cloud [1], aerosol transport and deposition [2], spray combustion [3, 4], fluidized bed combustion [5], plasma spray coating and synthesis of nanoparticles [6]. Undoubtedly, turbulence itself remains as a difficult and unsolved problem of classical mechanics despite many persistent efforts by physicists and engineers. The presence of particles/droplets (hereafter simply referred to as particles) further adds to the complexity of the turbulence. The particle behavior in turbulent flows gives rise to many interesting phenomena, such as, turbophoresis [7], turbulent thermal diffusion and barodiffusion [8, 9], preferential distribution, and anomaly and intermittency [9, 10]. It is challenging to come up with a unique predictive theory for the particle phase which is useful for engineering purposes and also capable in quantifying various related phenomena.
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