Current insights into the German lipoprotein apheresis standard: PCSK9-inhibitors, lipoprotein apheresis or both?

Abstract

According to current European guidelines, lipid lowering therapy for progressive cardiovascular disease including cardiovascular events has to be focused on a target level for LDL-C. In contrast for Lp(a) a threshold has to be defined with respect to the method of measurement. However, due to new lipid lowering drug developments like PCSK9-inhibitors (PCSK-9-I) a therapeutic algorithm for patients with severe hypercholesterolemia or isolated Lipoprotein(a)-hyperlipoproteinemia with progressive cardiovascular disease may be necessary to manage the use of PCSK9-I, lipoprotein apheresis (LA) or both. The therapeutic approach for patients with homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia is unambiguous: In addition to LA, in order to improve LDL-C reduction, PCSK9-I could be applied. In patients with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia, PCSK9-I is to be applied first. If in addition to a pronounced LDL-C elevation, cardiovascular complications exist or if imaging techniques documented atherosclerotic changes pre-disposing for a cardiovascular event while LDL-C reduction is insufficiently reduced (LDL-C > 100 mg/dl (2.6 mmol/l)), LA treatment should then be applied as last resort. In patients with elevated Lp(a) concentrations (Lp(a) > 60 mg/dl (>120 nmol/l)) and established cardiovascular disease, therapy should rely primarily on LA methods. If in addition to high Lp(a) levels insufficiently treated LDL-C concentrations (LDL-C > 100 mg/dl (2.6 mmol/l)) exist, in rare cases PCSK9-I can supplement the lipid lowering concept.