Abstract
AbstractIn this paper, we describe experimental developments in an Exhaust Aftertreatment System (EAS) used in a four-cylinder Compression Ignition (CI) engine. To meet the carbon dioxide (CO$$_\mathrm {2}$$ 2 ) fleet limit values and to demonstrate a clean emission concept, the CI engine needs to be further developed in a hybridized, modern form before it can be included in the future fleet. In this work, the existing EAS was replaced by an Electrically Heated Catalyst (EHC) and a Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) double-dosing system. We focused specifically on calibrating the heating modes in tandem with the electric exhaust heating, which enabled us to develop an ultra-fast light-off concept. The paper first outlines the development steps, which were subsequently validated using the Worldwide harmonized Light-duty vehicles Test Cycle (WLTC). Then, based on the defined calibration, a sensitivity analysis was conducted by performing various dynamic driving cycles. In particular, we identified emission species that may be limited in the future, such as laughing gas (N$$_\mathrm {2}$$ 2 O), ammonia (NH$$_\mathrm {3}$$ 3 ), or formaldehyde (HCHO), and examined the effects of a general, additional decrease in the limit values, which may occur in the near future. This advanced emission concept can be applied when considering overall internal engine and external exhaust system measures. In our study, we demonstrate impressively low tailpipe (TP) emissions, but also clarify the system limits and the necessary framework conditions that ensure the applicability of this drivetrain concept in this sector.
Highlights
By introducing EU6d emission legislation, vehicle manufacturers have succeeded in producing what is probably the cleanest vehicle to date, in laboratory settings and in real world
The first emission stage of EU6, EU6b, decreases the threshold value of nitrogen oxides (NOx ) from 180 to 80 mg per km in the New European Driving Cycle (NEDC); this stage is closely followed by the shift to the Worldwide harmonized Light-duty vehicles Test Cycle (WLTC) (EU6c)
Ensuring good local air quality presents an equal challenge in urban areas, but this can be significantly improved using both Battery electric vehicles (BEV) and advanced zero-impact Internal Combustion Engines (ICE), as described later
Summary
By introducing EU6d emission legislation, vehicle manufacturers have succeeded in producing what is probably the cleanest vehicle to date, in laboratory settings and in real world. Due to the higher CO2 ’emissions backpack’ incurred when producing a BEV and correlating to the battery size, the use of this technology to create small cars and vehicles that will travel short distances in urban areas is reasonable [6, 7]. The installation of hybridized and clean ICE in these, often, premium vehicles provides a short- and middle-term solution [8]. For this reason, the developments described in this paper are assigned to this vehicle class (see Fig. 1), and are not representative of developments taking place in the average, overall vehicle fleet. It makes sense to work together to reduce CO2 emissions, especially as the global supply and demand is expected to shift the use of fossil fuels mainly to developing countries with a low Gross Domestic Product
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