Abstract
Diabetes technology has continually evolved over the years to improve quality of life and ease of care for affected patients. Frequent blood glucose (BG) checks and multiple daily insulin injections have become standard of care in Type 1 diabetes (T1DM) management. Continuous glucose monitors (CGM) allow patients to observe and discern trends in their glycemic control. These devices improve quality of life for parents and caregivers with preset alerts for hypoglycemia. Insulin pumps have continued to improve and innovate since their emergence into the market. Hybrid closed-loop systems have harnessed the data gathered with CGM use to aid in basal insulin dosing and hypoglycemia prevention. As technology continues to progress, patients will likely have to enter less and less information into their pump system manually. In the future, we will likely see a system that requires no manual patient input and allows users to eat throughout the day without counting carbohydrates or entering in any blood sugars. As technology continues to advance, endocrinologists and diabetes providers need to stay current to better guide their patients in optimal use of emerging management tools.
Highlights
Type 1 diabetes (T1DM) is an autoimmune disease in which the β cells of the pancreas are damaged and subsequently destroyed
Continuous glucose monitor systems have improved the monitoring of blood glucose (BG) for T1DM patients and allowed medical providers, caregivers, and patients access to BG trends that would otherwise be missed
Continuous glucose monitors (CGM) are already being used in hybrid closed-loop systems with insulin pumps; simultaneously, more collaborations are ongoing to make currently available CGM devices compatible with other independent insulin pumps with the goal of developing closed loop and suspend before low systems in the near future
Summary
Type 1 diabetes (T1DM) is an autoimmune disease in which the β cells of the pancreas are damaged and subsequently destroyed Since these cells are critical in the production of insulin hormone, this leads to a state of insulin deficiency. Frequent blood glucose (BG) checks and multiple daily insulin injections have become standard of care in T1DM management. These advances have brought forth challenges of managing a chronic illness as well as opportunities to apply technological advances from engineering to medicine. Many different insulins and innovative insulin delivery devices have been developed from insulin pens to insulin pumps Both diagnostic tools and treatments have continued to evolve in the 20th and 21st centuries. Europe with the goal of providing a historical perspective and an update to clinicians caring for patients with diabetes so they can facilitate discussions on therapeutic options with their patients
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