Abstract
The conversion of lignocellulosic biomass (LB) to sugar is an intricate process which is the costliest part of the biomass conversion process. Even though acid/enzyme catalysts are usually being used for LB hydrolysis, enzyme immobilization has been recognized as a potential strategy nowadays. The use of nanobiocatalysts increases hydrolytic efficiency and enzyme stability. Furthermore, biocatalyst/enzyme immobilization on magnetic nanoparticles enables easy recovery and reuse of enzymes. Hence, the exploitation of nanobiocatalysts for LB to biofuel conversion will aid in developing a lucrative and sustainable approach. With this perspective, the effects of nanobiocatalysts on LB to biofuel production were reviewed here. Several traits, such as switching the chemical processes using nanomaterials, enzyme immobilization on nanoparticles for higher reaction rates, recycling ability and toxicity effects on microbial cells, were highlighted in this review. Current developments and viability of nanobiocatalysts as a promising option for enhanced LB conversion into the biofuel process were also emphasized. Mostly, this would help in emerging eco-friendly, proficient, and cost-effective biofuel technology.
Highlights
The emerging energy requisite raises queries about the hindrances of fossil fuels usage, in particular, their shortage in the future and adverse effects on the environment
We evaluate nanobiotechnology applications in the cellulosic biofuel production using microbial fermentation
Few studies exhibited that lignocellulosic biomass (LB) hydrolysis using free enzymes showed a higher hydrolytic efficiency in converting cellulose to glucose (78%) than cellulases immobilized on magnetic NPs (MNPs) (72%) [69]
Summary
The emerging energy requisite raises queries about the hindrances of fossil fuels usage, in particular, their shortage in the future and adverse effects on the environment. This forced us to think about the corn, etc., via microbial fermentation [6], but there will be food insecurity issues due to the impact second generation energy sources such as non-food-based LB materials for production of biofuels and on the global food supply and sustainability of the land [7] This forced us to think about the second chemicals. A short document prepared by the BIO-TIC project provided a concise overview of hurdles generation energy sources such as non-food-based LB materials for production of biofuels and and possible solutions on biomass processing Second generation hurdles and possible solutions on biomass processing biofuel production can be performed using feedstocks, which are inedible and abundantly available
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