Abstract
Bone defects cause significant socio-economic costs worldwide, while the clinical “gold standard” of bone repair, the autologous bone graft, has limitations including limited graft supply, secondary injury, chronic pain and infection. Therefore, to reduce surgical complexity and speed up bone healing, innovative therapies are needed. Bone tissue engineering (BTE), a new cross-disciplinary science arisen in the 21st century, creates artificial environments specially constructed to facilitate bone regeneration and growth. By combining stem cells, scaffolds and growth factors, BTE fabricates biological substitutes to restore the functions of injured bone. Although BTE has made many valuable achievements, there remain some unsolved challenges. In this review, the latest research and application of stem cells, scaffolds, and growth factors in BTE are summarized with the aim of providing references for the clinical application of BTE.
Highlights
Accepted: 19 September 2021Bone diseases and their complications, which account for half of the chronic diseases in people over 50 years old [1], still face significant clinical challenges
Results showed that the PHB/BC scaffolds could support the proliferation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes, promote the differentiation of osteoblasts in vivo, and induce new bone formed in the 20 weeks after implantation
The bioceramics used in bone tissue engineering (BTE) are inorganic compounds that can be divided into bioinert and bioactive ceramics based on their interactions with host tissues [60,61]
Summary
Bone diseases and their complications, which account for half of the chronic diseases in people over 50 years old [1], still face significant clinical challenges. BTE is a frontier cross-disciplinary subject in the field of life science in the 21st century composed of bioengineering, cell transplantation, and material science with the aim of constructing biological substitutes for the restoration of injured bone [3]. The autograft method exhibits some limitations, such as limited graft supply, chronic pain, high donor site morbidity, secondary damage and infections [5], leading to unsatisfactory surgical outcomes. Allografts represent about 34% of bone substitutes, and their bone supplies are from donors, which are available in various sizes and are free from donor site morbidity compared with autografts [6].
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