Abstract
Despite significant advancement in vaccine and virus research, influenza continues to be a major public health concern. Each year in the United States of America, influenza viruses are responsible for seasonal epidemics resulting in over 200,000 hospitalizations and 30,000–50,000 deaths. Accurate and early diagnosis of influenza viral infections are critical for rapid initiation of antiviral therapy to reduce influenza related morbidity and mortality both during seasonal epidemics and pandemics. Several different approaches are currently available for diagnosis of influenza infections in humans. These include viral isolation in cell culture, immunofluorescence assays, nucleic acid amplification tests, immunochromatography-based rapid diagnostic tests, etc. Newer diagnostic approaches are being developed to overcome the limitations associated with some of the conventional detection methods. This review discusses diagnostic approaches currently available for detection of influenza viruses in humans.
Highlights
IntroductionKnown as the flu, is a respiratory illness caused by viruses belonging to the family
Influenza, known as the flu, is a respiratory illness caused by viruses belonging to the familyOrthomyxoviridae
We developed a novel europium nanoparticle-based immunoassay (ENIA) for rapid detection of influenza viruses using monoclonal antibodies directed against the nucleoprotein from influenza A
Summary
Known as the flu, is a respiratory illness caused by viruses belonging to the family. 1997, human infections with a novel H5N1 subtype of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) have been reported [13,14]. Viruses 2016, 8, 96 when HPAI outbreaks in poultry farms and markets in Hong Kong resulted in eighteen cases and six deaths. Since this virus has spread to many countries in Asia, Africa, and Europe, resulting in over 424 human cases with a mortality rate greater than 60%. H9N2 and H7N7 avian influenza subtypes have been reported to cause human infections [15,16]. We review various approaches currently available or under development for diagnosis of influenza infections in humans
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