Abstract
Panicle degeneration, also known as panicle abortion, is a serious defect and causes heavy losses to reproductive yield in cereals. Several mutants have been reported to display the phenotype of spikelet abortion in rice. Recent findings have resulted in significant breakthroughs, but comprehensive understanding about the molecular pathways and physiological basis of panicle degeneration still remain a dilemma. In this review, we have summarized all the responsible genes and mechanisms underlying the panicle development with a special focus on degeneration. Here, we hypothesized a model by using knowledge and coherent logic in order to understand the molecular regulation of panicle degeneration. In addition to this, we included all the previous discoveries, schools of thoughts, ancient working theories, and crosstalk of phytohormones and provided new insights for future studies.
Highlights
Rice is an important food crop that supplies rations for over one-half of the world’s population [1]
A molecular circuit of panicle development in rice is regulated through a complex network of genes that initiates with the change of shoot meristems to the progression of axillary meristems (AMs)
We divided the functions of genes based on their physiological mechanisms, for example, meristem organization, transport tissues, source limitation, and phytohormones (Figure 1)
Summary
Rice is an important food crop that supplies rations for over one-half of the world’s population [1]. Despite the discovery of several mutants, for example, psd (panicle and spikelet degeneration) and paa-hwa (panicle apical abortion), the physiological clarifications of the causal mechanism of degeneration could not be explored [10,11]. Most of these mutants were reported to bear an SNP (single nucleotide polymorphism) in their respective candidate gene. Some basic physiological mechanisms that regulate the panicle architecture are similar in monocots and dicots, for example, the function of the AP2 gene family in rice has been reported to play a similar role in maize and Arabidopsis [21]. A comparative analysis of rice panicle morphology with maize, Arabidopsis, and other model plants will uncover the conserved and divergent regulatory pathways controlling plant reproduction
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