Abstract
Glioblastoma is the most frequent and malignant type of brain tumor. It has a reputation for being resistant to current treatments, and the prognosis is still bleak. Immunotherapies have transformed the treatment of a variety of cancers, and they provide great hope for glioblastoma, although they have yet to be successful. The justification for immune targeting of glioblastoma and the obstacles that come with treating these immunosuppressive tumors are reviewed in this paper. Cancer vaccines, oncolytic viruses (OVs), checkpoint blockade medications, adoptive cell transfer (ACT), chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cells, and nanomedicine-based immunotherapies are among the novel immune-targeting therapies researched in glioblastoma. Key clinical trial outcomes and current trials for each method are presented from a clinical standpoint. Finally, constraints, whether biological or due to trial design, are discussed, along with solutions for overcoming them. In glioblastoma, proof of efficacy for immunotherapy approaches has yet to be demonstrated, but our rapidly growing understanding of the disease’s biology and immune microenvironment, as well as the emergence of novel promising combinatorial approaches, may allow researchers to finally meet the medical need for patients with glioblastoma multiforme (GBM).
Highlights
BackgroundGlioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most prevalent type of primary malignant brain tumor in adults, accounting for 60%-70% of gliomas and 15% of main brain tumors [1]
Checkpoint inhibitors and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cells, which have been approved as a first-line treatment for some tumors, have shown spectacular results across a wide range of tumor histology
A number of factors could account for the unsatisfactory results so far: GBM may have been subjected to extensive immunoediting throughout tumor formation, resulting in a highly immunosuppressive and evasive character
Summary
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most prevalent type of primary malignant brain tumor in adults, accounting for 60%-70% of gliomas and 15% of main brain tumors [1]. Li et al found that the vaccine treatment and combined treatment groups had longer survival times, lower intracranial tumor volume, and higher immune cell glioma tissue infiltration and IL-2 secretion than the untreated tumor group, indicating that the vaccine is effective in vivo [26] This vaccine has an excellent clinical efficacy, making it a good clinical application for glioblastoma multiforme. Immunotherapy works by taking the patient’s own immune system and amplifying it or suppressing it for the treatment of a disease It comes in numerous forms, such as targeted antibodies, cancer vaccines, adoptive cell transfer, tumor-infecting viruses, checkpoint inhibitors, cytokines, and adjuvants. We have a huge road ahead, we believe that with more discoveries of the pathophysiology of GBM and how its immune system works, tied together with well-planned out clinical trials, we will be able to eradicate GBM and improve the horrible prognosis and survival rates of the patients
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