Abstract
In this manuscript, recent advancements in the area of minimally-invasive transdermal biosensing and drug delivery are reviewed. The administration of therapeutic entities through the skin is complicated by the stratum corneum layer, which serves as a barrier to entry and retards bioavailability. A variety of strategies have been adopted for the enhancement of transdermal permeation for drug delivery and biosensing of various substances. Physical techniques such as iontophoresis, reverse iontophoresis, electroporation, and microneedles offer (a) electrical amplification for transdermal sensing of biomolecules and (b) transport of amphiphilic drug molecules to the targeted site in a minimally invasive manner. Iontophoretic delivery involves the application of low currents to the skin as well as the migration of polarized and neutral molecules across it. Transdermal biosensing via microneedles has emerged as a novel approach to replace hypodermic needles. In addition, microneedles have facilitated minimally invasive detection of analytes in body fluids. This review considers recent innovations in the structure and performance of transdermal systems.
Highlights
Transdermal drug administration and biosensing has become more widely accepted in recent years
Ashraf et al described a method for silicon designing and fabricating transdermal drug delivery system consisting of out-of-plane hollow microneedles, whicha are coupled to a valve-less system consisting of out-of-plane hollow silicon microneedles, which are coupled to a valve-less piezoelectric actuated micropump [39]
The results showed a significant decrease in viability the viability ofcells the cells grown the polymer compared to the control; the decrease in the of the grown on theon polymer compared to the control; the decrease decrease in viability was not at levels that would be of concern for in vivo transdermal sensing in viability was not at levels that would be of concern for in vivo transdermal sensing applications
Summary
Transdermal drug administration and biosensing has become more widely accepted in recent years. The dermis is fully vascularized and possesses sweat glands, hair follicles, nerve endings, and lymph vessels. This layer of tissue facilitates the local absorption of drugs. The intercellular lipid bilayer of the stratum corneum, the uppermost layer, constitutes the rate-limiting layer for the migration of hydrophilic drug molecules across it [1,2,3]. Several methods have been investigated to increase the permeation rate of drugs temporarily and locally, including chemical and electrical mechanisms [4,5]. Chemical agents elevate the rate of permeability of drug molecules by improving the diffusion rate through the stratum corneum [6]. This review summarizes advance technologies that have been developed for transdermal biosensing and drug delivery
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