Curing kinetics of self-healing epoxy thermosets

Abstract

The curing kinetics of self-healing epoxy compositions was investigated by non-isothermal differential scanning calorimetric (DSC) studies. Cycloaliphatic epoxy resin was encapsulated in urea–formaldehyde (UF) using emulsion polymerisation technique to prepare epoxy-loaded UF microcapsules. Triethylene tetramine (TETA) hardener was immobilised on a mesoporous siliceous substrate (SBA 15) and both these additives were dispersed into an epoxy resin, which was subsequently cured using TETA. DSC studies revealed the autocatalytic nature of epoxy curing, which remained unaltered due to addition of the above-mentioned fillers, responsible for introducing self-healing functionality. The kinetic parameters of the curing process were determined using both Friedman and Kissinger–Akahira–Sunose (KAS) method. The activation energy at different degrees of conversion (E α ) was found to decrease with increasing degree of cure (α). Although UF resins possess secondary amine functionalities, which have the potential to react with the epoxy groups, no significant differences in the curing kinetics of the base resin were observed. Kinetic parameters were used to predict the curing behaviour of compositions at higher heating rates using KAS method. As expected, the onset curing temperature (T onset) and peak exotherm temperature (T p) of epoxy shifted towards higher temperatures with increased heating rate; however, introduction of fillers does not affect these characteristic temperatures significantly. Also, the overall order of reaction does not vary significantly which supports the autocatalytic nature of curing reaction. The results suggests that although 2° amino groups are available with the UF resin, these do not directly participate in the curing reaction, as the primary amino groups in TETA are more easily accessible.