Cure di fine vita nei pazienti oncologici terminali in Medicina Interna

Abstract

Many cancer patients die in the hospital, in spite of their preference to end their lives at home. Internal Medicine wards are poorly equipped to care for dying patients. Staff members have no specific training in palliative care, and the organization of the ward lacks flexibility. The entire staff (physicians and nurses) of the Internal Medicine ward of our hospital took part in a specially designed training program, and a protocol for end-of-life care (EOL-care) was implemented to improve the comfort of patients with terminal cancer. The aim of this study was to analyze the impact of this protocol on clinical practice in the ward, in terms of the number of interventions and the degree of control of key symptoms. The EOL-care protocol, which was established in cooperation with the Sue Ryder Foundation, was a modified version of the Liverpool Care Pathway. The main objective was to ensure the comfort of the dying patient through judicious discontinuation of all non-essential medications and interventions, frequent and systematic assessment of the key symptoms, and greater emphasis on communication with the patient and his/her caregivers. We compared 82 unselected cases managed with conventional care, representing the 20% of the deaths that occurred in 2007-2008 in our ward (controls), and 27 consecutive cancer patients cared for with the EOL-care protocol between May 2009 and February 2010 (cases). Patients in the case group received fewer interventions than controls (catheterization rate: 0% vs 19.4%; invasive procedure rate: 0% vs 8.5%; parenteral nutrition: 0% vs 3.6%), but they obtained almost complete relief of symptoms (pain, dyspnea, respiratory tract obstruction by secretions, agitation, nausea/vomiting). The most prominent result was pain relief: systematic checks revealed persistent pain in only 2.9% of the EOL-care group versus 59.7% of the controls during the last 48 hours of life. This observational study provides evidence that the quality of EOL-care for cancer patients can be improved, even in non-specialized departments, through organizational rather than technological interventions.