Abstract
Abstract During curcumin production in Vietnam, curcumin-removed turmeric oleoresin (CRTO) has been considered as a by-product. It costs to treat the by-product to prevent environmental pollution. In this study, the by-product was utilized as an active ingredient for preparing a botanical fungicide-based nano-emulsion and evaluated for its in vitro and in vivo control efficacy against Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, a causal agent of anthracnose of litchi, in the laboratory as well as a field trial. The nano-emulsion is colloidally stable and uniform with particle sizes of 95–250 nm. CRTO nano-emulsion significantly affected various Colletotrichum species. Notably, this nano-emulsion showed potent inhibition for the mycelial growth of C. gloeosporioides and solidly suppressed the development of anthracnose on litchi fruits. In the in vitro inhibition test, the equivalent half-maximal inhibitory concentration of CRTO in nano-formulation was 0.11 mg·mL−1, which was 3.0× and 6.1× lower than IC50 values of CRTO alone (0.33 mg·mL−1) and a mixture of curcuminoids (0.48 mg·mL−1), respectively. In the field trial, the litchi anthracnose infection was effectively controlled by nano-formulation. These results suggest that CRTO nano-emulsion could be used as an alternative to harmful synthetic fungicides to control anthracnose on litchi fruits.
Highlights
IntroductionLitchi chinensis (litchi) is a native plant growing in Southeast Asia. The plant fruit provides a high value in food production, especially in the Vietnam fruit exportation system where fruit production has been mainly exported to China
Litchi chinensis is a native plant growing in Southeast Asia
The in vitro antifungal activity of curcumin-removed turmeric oleoresin (CRTO) nano-emulsion was evaluated against the mycelial growth of Colletotrichum species
Summary
Litchi chinensis (litchi) is a native plant growing in Southeast Asia. The plant fruit provides a high value in food production, especially in the Vietnam fruit exportation system where fruit production has been mainly exported to China. One of the most serious diseases of litchi is anthracnose caused by the fungus Colletotrichum gloeosporioides [1,2,3]. The anthracnose of litchi was often treated with toxic synthetic chemicals such as carbendazim, mancozeb, and copper fungicides [2,5]. Among research on active ingredients of biopesticides, substances such as essential oils (EOs), phytochemicals, and chitosan affirmed as generally recognized as safe (GRAS) are considered to apply in control of Colletotrichum sp. Some commercial bio-fungicides such as antagonistic Bacillus species, Milsana (a botanical extract of Reynoutria sachalinensis), and EO-based fungicides have been used effectively to treat plant diseases for various crops [8,9]. There is no report on the effectiveness of those fungicide treatments on controlling the anthracnose in litchi yet
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