Abstract
(1) Background: The size and surface charge are the most significant parameters of nanocarriers that determine their efficiency and potential application. The poor cell uptake of encapsulated drugs is the main limitation in anticancer treatment. The well-defined properties of nanocarriers will enable to target specific tissue and deliver an active cargo. (2) Methods: In the current study, poly(D,L -lactide) (PLA) nanocarriers loaded with curcumin (CUR) and differing surface charge were evaluated for transport efficacy in combination with electroporation (EP) in dependence on the type of cells. The obtained CUR-loaded nanoparticles with diameters ranging from 195 to 334 nm (derived from dynamic light scattering (DLS)) were characterized by atomic force microscopy (AFM) (morphology and shape) and Doppler electrophoresis (ζ-potential) as well as UV-vis spectroscopy (CUR encapsulation efficiency (about 90%) and photobleaching rate). The drug delivery properties of the obtained PLA nanocarriers enhanced by electroporation were assessed in human colon cancer cells (LoVo), excitable normal rat muscle cells (L6), and free of voltage-gated ion channels cells (CHO-K1). CLSM studies, viability, and ROS release were performed to determine the biological effects of nanocarriers. (3) Results: The highest photodynamic activity indicated anionic nanocarriers (1a) stabilized by C12(COONa)2 surfactant. Nanocarriers were cytotoxic for LoVo cells and less cytotoxic for normal cells. ROS release increased in cancer cells with the increasing electric field intensity, irradiation, and time after EP. Muscle L6 cells were less sensitive to electric pulses. (4) Conclusions: EP stimulation for CUR-PLA nanocarriers transport was considered to improve the regulated and more effective delivery of nanosystems differing in surface charge.
Highlights
Colon cancer (CC) is still one of the most lethal cancers, with poor prognosis and late diagnosis in developing countries
The available studies revealed that curcumin could support standard chemotherapy [29] against various types of cancers, e.g., when used with cisplatin [30], docetaxel [31], or 5-fluorouracil [32]
Curcumin incorporated in CAG nanocomposites provoked a time-dependent increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) with decreasing GSH and SOD levels in colon cancer cells (HT-29 and SW-948) [45]
Summary
Colon cancer (CC) is still one of the most lethal cancers, with poor prognosis and late diagnosis in developing countries. The available data indicate that CC is the third most frequent malignant neoplasm in males and the second in females [1,2]. Among the clinically approved chemotherapeutics are 5-FU, oxaliplatin, cisplatin, irinotecan, and their combinations [2,3,4]. Natural compounds have been of interest as potential anticancer drugs, including colon cancer [5,6]. The available data highlight curcumin (diferuloylmethane, curcuma longa) as a promising natural chemotherapeutic that can suppress initiation, promotion, and progression of colon carcinogenesis [5,7,8,9,10,11]
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