Curcumin inhibits the increase of glutamate, hydroxyl radicals and PGE 2 in the hypothalamus and reduces fever during LPS-induced systemic inflammation in rabbits

Abstract

Evidence has accumulated to suggest that systemic administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), in addition to elevating tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) as well as fever, induces overproduction of glutamate, hydroxyl radicals and prostaglandin E 2 (PGE 2) in the rabbit's hypothalamus. Current study was attempted to assess whether Curcumin exerts its antipyresis by reducing circulating pro-inflammatory cytokines and hypothalamic glutamate, hydroxyl radicals and PGE 2 in rabbits. The microdialysis probes were stereotaxically and chronically implanted into the preoptic anterior hypothalamus of rabbit brain for determination of glutamate, hydroxyl radicals, and PGE 2 in situ. It was found that systemic administration of LPS (2 µg/kg) induced increased levels of both core temperature and hypothalamic levels of both glutamate and hydroxyl radicals accompanied by increased plasma levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6. The rise in both the core temperature and hypothalamic glutamate and hydroxyl radicals could also be induced by direct injection of TNF-α, IL-1β, or IL-6 into the lateral ventricle of rabbit brain. Pretreatment with Curcumin (5–40 mg/kg, i.p.) 1 h before an i.v. dose of LPS significantly reduced the LPS-induced overproduction of circulating TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6, and brain glutamate, PGE 2, and hydroxyl radicals. Both the febrile response and overproduction of both glutamate and hydroxyl radicals in the hypothalamus caused by central administration of TNF-α, IL-1β, or IL-6 could be suppressed by Curcumin. These results indicate that systemic injection of Curcumin may exert its antipyresis by inhibiting the glutamate-hydroxyl radicals-PGE 2 pathways in the hypothalamus and circulating TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 accumulation during LPS fever.