Curcumin-derivatives as fluorescence-electrochemical dual probe for ultrasensitive detections of picric acid in aqueous media

Abstract

We are reporting the two curcumin derivatives, ferrocenyl curcumin (Fc-cur) and 4-nitro-benzylidene curcumin (NBC), as a probe through dual modalities, i.e., fluorescence and electrochemical methods, for the detection of nitro-analytes, such as picric acid (PA). The probes exhibited aggregation-induced enhanced emission (AIEE), and the addition of picric acid (PA) demonstrated good and specific fluorimetric identification of PA in the aggregated state. By using density functional theory (DFT), the mechanism of picric acid's (PA) interactions with the probes was further investigated. DFT studies shows evidence of charge transfer from curcumin derivatives probe to picric acid resulting into the formation of an adduct. The reduction of trinitrophenol (PA) to 2, 4, 6-trinitrosophenol was investigated utilizing a probe-modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE) with a good detection limit of 9.63 ± 0.001 pM and 41.01 ± 0.002 pM, respectively, for Fc-cur@GCE and NBC@GCE, taking into account the redox behavior of the probe. The applicability of the designed sensor has been utilized for real-time application in the estimation of picric acid in several water samples collected from the different source.