Abstract
Simple SummaryMelanoma has been clearly shown to be related to sunburns and other types of intermittent sun exposure. It is less clear how cumulative sun exposure is related to melanoma. In this case–control study, the cumulative hours of sun exposure per day were examined between spring and fall each year over periods or decades of life to estimate lifetime hours of sun exposure. No associations were found before the age of 60. However, when stratified by fair skin color, we found little or no association with hours of sun exposure among fair-skinned individuals, but found an increased risk for higher hours of sun exposure among medium- or darker-skinned individuals for lifetime exposure.Cutaneous melanoma (CM) has consistently been associated with intermittent sun exposure, while the association with chronic sun exposure is debated. The goal of this research was to examine the complex relationship between CM, sun sensitivity and sun exposure based on theoretical concepts of how these factors may be associated. Detailed sun exposure histories across life periods and various measures of sun sensitivity were collected in a population-based case–control study of melanoma in Iowa, USA. Participants were asked about their hours of sun exposure per day between March and October each year over periods or decades of life to estimate cumulative lifetime hours of sun exposure. Increased odds ratios (ORs) for CM were seen for most standard measures of sun sensitivity except for the tendency to sunburn. Minimal associations were seen with total hours of sun exposure early in life. However, an interaction was seen between fair skin color and lifetime hours of sun exposure, where the strongest associations with CM were seen among medium-skinned and dark-skinned participants. This suggests that cumulative sun exposure at high levels may increase CM among non-sun-sensitive individuals typically at lower risk of CM. Such a finding has implications for the prevention effort for melanoma regarding time in the sun among darker-skinned individuals.
Highlights
Skin cancer is caused by damage from ultraviolet radiation (UVR), a form of nonionizing radiation emitted by the sun
This suggests that cumulative sun exposure at high levels may increase Cutaneous melanoma (CM) among non-sun-sensitive individuals typically at lower risk of CM
Subjects were asked about their sun sensitivity including tendency to sunburn at first exposure in the spring or summer with no protection, inability to tan after repeated and prolonged sun exposure, self-reported skin type, skin color of the upper inner arm, hair color, if their hair was light, medium or dark, and eye color
Summary
Skin cancer is caused by damage from ultraviolet radiation (UVR), a form of nonionizing radiation emitted by the sun. CM has consistently been associated with intermittent sun exposure measures via sunburns or sunny vacations during childhood, adolescence, adulthood and over a lifetime [7,8,9]. This is complicated as sun-sensitive individuals (fair skin, red or blond hair color, tendency to sunburn on first exposure to the sun in spring/summer, and unable to tan) are at higher risk of melanoma and of sunburns [10]. Some forms of sun exposure can be chronic or intermittent depending on individual exposures and geographic locations (such as outdoor recreational or leisure activities that are seasonal in some places but year around in other places). Studies of high-occupation sun exposure typically show a reduced risk of melanoma [8,12], which may reflect self-selection for working outdoors by those who are not sun sensitive
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