Culture-independent analysis of the bacterial community during fermentation of pa-som, a traditional fermented fish product in Laos

Abstract

Pa-som is a traditional salty fermented food made from varieties of freshwater fish with garlic and rice in Laos. A similar product, plaa-som, is made in Thailand. To investigate the fermentation process of pa-som, lactic acid production and pH were monitored during laboratory-scale production of pa-som. Furthermore, the variety of bacteria involved and their succession during fermentation were examined using culture-independent polymerase chain reaction (PCR) denaturing gel gradient electrophoresis targeting the 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene. d- and l-lactic acid production and a decrease in pH were observed in the samples after 1 day of fermentation. The lactic acid content and pH continued to increase and decrease, respectively, until 4 days of fermentation. Overall, six lactic acid bacteria and eight other indigenous bacteria species were detected during pa-som fermentation. Among the lactic acid bacteria detected, two Lactococcus and one Weissella species were detected in samples after 1–4 days of fermentation, suggesting that these three species play major roles in pa-som fermentation from the initial phase. This is the first report to investigate the fermentation process in pa-som at the microbial level. This research approach should be applicable to a wide variety of pa-som and related fermented fishery products in Laos to help understand their microbial diversity and to identify beneficial bacterial species for improving quality.