Abstract
African American males are less likely to engage in mental health services. Racial discrimination, cultural mistrust, mental health disparities, and racial identity roles are significant factors impeding African American men from pursuing or continuing counseling. Unfortunately, counselors subliminally acknowledge the stereotypical labels ascribed to African American males lead to a poor or non-existing rapport, and tend to create solutions for the clients, disregarding their intrinsic motivation and autonomy. This conceptual article discussed racial discrimination, microaggression, and community ties as the barriers to counseling engagement among African American males. The article also highlighted the history of counseling African American males and the present urgency for a culturally sensitive model using the concepts of Motivational Interviewing for encouraging counseling engagement and autonomous resolution of ambivalence.
Highlights
Modality concerns the speaker's "attitude" toward the content of what he is saying, including obligation, necessity, permission, volition, intention, ability, possibility, certainty, etc
Epistemic adverbs vary in their total frequencies, they all tend to appear much more often in the written texts rather than in the spoken transcripts
This paper explored the usage of epistemic adverbs perhaps, probably, maybe and possibly in British National Corpus with Sketch Engine (SkE)
Summary
Modality concerns the speaker's "attitude" toward the content of what he is saying, including obligation, necessity, permission, volition, intention, ability, possibility, certainty, etc. Epistemic modality refers to possibility and necessity in the mental world as in the process of human reasoning, which can be expressed in verbs, adverbs, and other forms. I will examine the usage differences among epistemic adverbs perhaps, probably, maybe and possibly by using the 100 million-word British National Corpus (BNC) as data and the software Sketch Engine (SkE) as the analyzing tool. I will give an overview of related work by introducing corpus approaches to synonyms. The final section summarizes major findings and pedagogical implications of this study
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