Abstract
The seas as the next economic frontier have led to conflicts at the intersection of resource conservation and exploitation; a space where cultural values and social practices overlap. Underpinned by a literature review, surveys and personal interviews, this study identifies the main policy, socio-economic, environmental and cultural drivers of conflicts arising from the coexistence of recreational fishing -a major maritime activity in Mediterranean marine protected areas- and other maritime users. Results show that the constant paradoxes arising from the conflict stem from different concepts of heritage, appropriation of resources and preservation. Recreational fishing lacks a common definition and governance institution, but nevertheless regards itself as a fishing community and has behavioural traits which challenge other maritime activities, particularly small-scale fishing. This study highlights the importance of fostering socio-ecological relational values, which must necessarily be evaluated through the lens of environmental ethics, and contends that this is almost as relevant as the governance system. Given the divergent values of the different stakeholders and the high degree of scientific uncertainty found, we conclude that the main challenge in attaining a solid governance of multiple recreational and professional activities in marine reserves is to adopt a "middle ground" approach that combines top-down and bottom-up governance approaches.
Highlights
Over the past decades, increased recreational maritime activities have transformed the sea, turning it into a contested social arena [2] sparking conflict and a political struggle rights and access to marine resources
Underpinned by a literature review, surveys and personal interviews, this study identifies the main policy, socio-economic, environmental and cul tural drivers of conflicts arising from the coexistence of recreational fishing -a major maritime activity in Mediterranean marine protected areas- and other maritime users
What have to be added to: (5) divergent perceptions of environmental and cultural values, and (6) social conflicts derived from resource use that can be exacerbated by ecological mitigation measures (Fig 1)
Summary
Over the past decades, increased recreational maritime activities have transformed the sea, turning it into a contested social arena [2] sparking conflict and a political struggle rights and access to marine resources. Threats to marine ecosystems such as unsustainable fishing practices, pollution, and climate change highlight that the ocean needs to be protected as a natural, cultural heritage, the sea is seen at the same time as an eco nomic opportunity [74]. Only 7.14% of the Mediterranean Sea is a marine protected area (MPA), with a target of rising to 10% in the coming years. At the turn of the century, the seas witnessed significant transformations at the crossroads between resource conservation and overexploitation, which impinge on overlapping and contradictory cultural values and social practices in a contested space
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