Abstract
BackgroundThis study evaluates the psychometric properties of the Malay version of the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS-M) among patients with schizophrenia in a psychiatric outpatient clinic.MethodsNinety-nine schizophrenia outpatients were administered the Malay version of the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS-M), Malay version of Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS), Malay version of Calgary Depression Scale for Schizophrenia (CDSS) and Malay version of World Health Organization Quality of Life – Brief Version (WHOQOL-BREF).ResultsAn exploratory factor analysis (EFA) of BPRS-M produced a seven-factor solution which accounted for 71.4% of the total variance. It exhibited fair internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha coefficient of 0.75). “Positive symptoms” and “Resistance” factors had association with unemployment and number of antipsychotics, positively correlated with PANSS but negatively correlated with WHOQOL-BREF. “Mood disturbance” factor correlated with lifetime history of suicide attempts, Malay version of CDSS and WHOQOL-BREF (psychological). Both “Negative symptoms” and “Activation” factors were associated with male, lower education, unemployment and positively correlated with Malay version of PANSS but negatively correlated with WHOQOL-BREF.ConclusionsThe BPRS-M demonstrated promising psychometric properties in terms of dimensionality, reliability, and validity that generally justifies its use in routine clinical practice in Malaysia.
Highlights
This study evaluates the psychometric properties of the Malay version of the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS-M) among patients with schizophrenia in a psychiatric outpatient clinic
The often reported factors are “Positive Symptoms” factor which is defined by items such as suspiciousness, unusual thought content, hallucinations, and bizarre behavior; “AnxietyDepression” factor which is loaded with items such as depressed mood, guilt, tension and anxiety; “Activation” factor which overlaps with symptoms indicative for mania such as elevated mood, grandiosity and excitement; A “Negative symptoms or Anergia” factor that consists of a cluster of diminished abilities indicative of psychosis such as emotional withdrawal, blunted affect and motor retardation; A “Resistance” factor consists of uncooperative behaviors such as hostility, uncooperativeness; A “Disorganization” factor which has items that sometimes overlaps with “Positive symptoms” such as conceptual disorganization, bizarre behavior and disorientation
The seven factors which corresponded to the BPRS in the Malay language (BPRS-M) subscales referred to as “Positive Symptoms”, “Mood disturbance”, “Negative Symptoms”, “Activation”, “Resistance”, “Somatization” and “Orientation” (Table 2)
Summary
Ninety-nine schizophrenia outpatients were administered the Malay version of the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS-M), Malay version of Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS), Malay version of Calgary Depression Scale for Schizophrenia (CDSS) and Malay version of World Health Organization Quality of Life – Brief Version (WHOQOL-BREF)
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