Abstract
Copper and iron salts are less toxic and inexpensive as compared to other transition metal salts. These salts have been extensively used for various carbon-carbon and carbon-heteroatom cross-coupling reactions. In this review, we described the Cu and Fe-mediated C-C, C-N, C-O, C-S and C-Se coupling reactions extensively. The synergistic effects of copper and iron salts towards the various bond-forming reactions have been presented. Use of such methods in the synthesis of bioactive molecules were also highlighted.
Highlights
Transition-metal (TM) catalyzed carbon-carbon and carbon-hetero bond forming reactions have received paramount attention because of their manifold industrial applications [1,2,3,4,5,6]
After, numerous carbon-carbon and carbonhetero coupling reactions were developed. These coupling reactions boost a new direction for the synthesis of complex molecules from simple molecules with the aid of transition metals
Copper-mediated synthesis of diarylacetylenes from the crosscoupling aryl acetylene and aryl halides at relatively lower temperature was well reported earlier by Castro and Stephens [14]
Summary
Transition-metal (TM) catalyzed carbon-carbon and carbon-hetero bond forming reactions have received paramount attention because of their manifold industrial applications [1,2,3,4,5,6]. Following the conceptual development on C(sp)-C(sp) homocoupling reaction by Glaser, similar Cu-mediated method was adopted by Ullmann in 1901, for the construction of C(sp2)C(sp2) bond between aryl halides [8] He reported the dimerization of 2-bromo- and 2-chloronitrobenzene in the presence of super stoichiometric amount of copper sources at high temperature (≈220°C) (Scheme 2a). The ligand-assisted copper-catalyzed coupling between arylboronic acids with vinyl halides and aryl halides to form C(sp2)C(sp2) bond was developed (Scheme 8). Recyclable Fe3O4 nanoparticles-mediated coupling between terminal alkynes with aryl and heteroaryl halides in ethylene glycol were reported by Firouzabadi et al (Scheme 17) [56] These Fe-catalyzed C-C bond forming reactions are interesting, but it is limited to long reaction time (e.g. 72 h) and narrower substrate scope. They found that Fe2O3 in combination with Cu(acac) was suitable for CO2Bu
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