Abstract
Abstract To explore advanced anode materials for lithium-ion batteries of electric vehicles, Cu 2+ /Nb 5+ co-doped TiNb 2 O 7 is studied. Cu 0.02 Ti 0.94 Nb 2.04 O 7 is successfully fabricated using a facile solid-state reaction. X-ray diffraction analyses combined with Rietveld refinements demonstrate that the trace Cu 2+ /Nb 5+ co-doping does not destroy the shear ReO 3 crystal structure of TiNb 2 O 7 but increases the lattice parameters and unit cell volume. Specific surface area tests and scanning electron microscopy images reveal a smaller average particle size in Cu 0.02 Ti 0.94 Nb 2.04 O 7 . Due to the increased unit cell volume and free 3d electrons in Cu 2+ ions, the Li + -ion diffusion coefficient and electronic conductivity of Cu 0.02 Ti 0.94 Nb 2.04 O 7 are respectively enhanced by 14.8 times and at least 220 times. Consequently, Cu 0.02 Ti 0.94 Nb 2.04 O 7 exhibits advanced electrochemical properties in terms of specific capacity, rate capability and cyclic stability. At 0.1 C, it delivers a large first-cycle discharge/charge capacity of 346/315 mAh g −1 . At 10 C, it still provides a large capacity of 182 mAh g −1 with tiny loss of only 1.2% over 1000 cycles. In sharp contrast, TiNb 2 O 7 shows a small capacity of only 90 mAh g −1 and large loss of 59.8%. Therefore, Cu 0.02 Ti 0.94 Nb 2.04 O 7 possesses great potential for the application in lithium-ion batteries for electric vehicles.
Published Version
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