Abstract
Cu0 nanoparticles were deposited on a nanoporous polymer to develop a novel nanocatalyst (Cu-B) for carrying out Ullmann coupling of aryl halides with amines in water. Non-aqueous polymerization of a mixture of divinylbenzene and acrylic acid under hydrothermal conditions followed by the deposition of Cu0 nanoparticles were adopted to afford the Cu-B nanocatalyst. In order to compare the catalytic activity of the Cu-B nanocatalyst in the Ullmann coupling reactions, another nanocatalyst, Cu0 nanoparticle-loaded porous carbon (Cu-A), was also prepared. All the newly developed Cu0 nanoparticle-based nanocatalysts were thoroughly characterized using several characterization techniques. The Ullmann coupling reactions were carried out in water only with 1.35 mol% loading of Cu as catalytically active sites in Cu-B. The Cu-B nanocatalyst exhibited higher catalytic activity as compared with Cu-A, and also showed a good catalytic recyclability with a high consistence in the catalytic activity. No Cu leaching from the nanocatalyst surface and the smooth nanocatalyst recovery confirm the true heterogeneity in these catalytic reactions.
Highlights
Cu0 nanoparticles were deposited on a nanoporous polymer to develop a novel nanocatalyst (Cu-B) for carrying out Ullmann coupling of aryl halides with amines in water
We developed two new heterogeneous Cu0 nanocatalysts Cu-A and Cu0 NP embedded nanoporous polymer (Cu-B), where Cu0 NPs were deposited on carbonaceous matrix and nanoporous polymer DVAC-1, respectively (Figure 1)
Both of the catalysts were thoroughly characterized by wide-angle powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmittance electron microscope (TEM), field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM), Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photowww.nature.com/scientificreports electron spectroscopy (XPS), and N2 adsorption/desorption analysis
Summary
Cu0 nanoparticles were deposited on a nanoporous polymer to develop a novel nanocatalyst (Cu-B) for carrying out Ullmann coupling of aryl halides with amines in water. We developed two new heterogeneous Cu0 nanocatalysts Cu-A and Cu-B, where Cu0 NPs were deposited on carbonaceous matrix and nanoporous polymer DVAC-1, respectively (Figure 1) Both of the catalysts were thoroughly characterized by wide-angle powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmittance electron microscope (TEM), field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM), Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photowww.nature.com/scientificreports electron spectroscopy (XPS), and N2 adsorption/desorption analysis. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first example of utilizing nanoporous polymersupported Cu0 heterogeneous nanocatalyst for the Ullmann amination[20,21] This heterogeneous catalyst could be successfully recycled and reused for five consecutive catalytic cycles without Cu leaching from the reaction mixture
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