Abstract
Calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM), which is the main component of encrustation, may result in cell membrane injury. In addition, cellular damage is suggested to be the primary event attributing to COM crystal binding. To study the interaction between cells and crystals after incubating with a Cu-bearing stainless steel (316L-Cu SS), MTS and flow cytometric analyses were used to assess the cellular responses. The results confirmed that 316L-Cu SS could inhibit cytotoxicity and cellular apoptosis of ureteral epithelial cells (UECs) after COM treatment. Furthermore, molecular expressions of Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (CuZnSOD), which were evaluated by western blot analysis and real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR), indicated that 316L-Cu SS could inhibit the oxidative stress attributing to up-regulating of CuZnSOD. Moreover, the crystal adhesion cytokine CD44 was examined with western blot and qPCR, and the corresponding hyaluronic (HA) secreted into the medium was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). All results were confirmed that the expressions of cells cultured with 316L-Cu SS were down-regulated, demonstrating the inhibitory performance of 316L-Cu SS against crystal adhesion.
Highlights
Ureteral stents, catheters, and other urological implants are affected by encrustation, which is predominantly composed of precipitated calcium salts[1,2]
The aim of this study was to further investigate the cellular response to Calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM) crystal-induced toxicity in ureteral epithelial cells (UECs), with the expectation of providing more evidence to support the application of 316L-Cu SS as a novel ureteral stent material in clinic
Cells exposed to oxalate (0, 2, 5 or 10 mM) plus COM crystals
Summary
Catheters, and other urological implants are affected by encrustation, which is predominantly composed of precipitated calcium salts[1,2]. The cell injury caused by COM alters gene expression and protein production of various chemoattractants and urinary macromolecules[17], which play vital roles in the inflammatory reaction and cellular signalling pathways contributing to stone formation, and are involved in regulating crystal nucleation, growth and deposition[18]. HA is a high-molecular-mass polysaccharide in many tissues and performs a wide range of biological functions in vivo[20] It has been identified as a major crystal-binding molecule on the surface of human renal tubular cells and is abundantly present as the main component of the renal inner medullary interstitium. The aim of this study was to further investigate the cellular response to COM crystal-induced toxicity in ureteral epithelial cells (UECs), with the expectation of providing more evidence to support the application of 316L-Cu SS as a novel ureteral stent material in clinic
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