Abstract
Kidney renal clear cell carcinoma (KIRC) and kidney renal papillary cell carcinoma (KIRP) are the most common RCC types. RCC has high immune infiltration levels, and immunotherapy is currently one of the most promising treatments for RCC. Collagen triple helix repeat containing 1 (CTHRC1) is an extracellular matrix protein that regulates tumor invasion and modulates the tumor microenvironment. However, the association of CTHRC1 with the prognosis and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes of KIRP and KIRC has not been reported. We examined the CTHRC1 expression differences in multiple tumor tissues and normal tissues via exploring TIMER, Oncomine, and UALCAN databases. Then, we searched the Kaplan-Meier plotter database to evaluate the correlation of CTHRC1 mRNA level with clinical outcomes. Subsequently, the TIMER platform and TISIDB website were chosen to assess the correlation of CTHRC1 with tumor immune cell infiltration level. We further explored the causes of aberrant CTHRC1 expression in tumorigenesis. We found that CTHRC1 level was significantly elevated in KIRP and KIRC tissues relative to normal tissues. CTHRC1 expression associates with tumor stage, histology, lymph node metastasis, and poor clinical prognosis in KIRP. The CTHRC1 level correlates to tumor grade, stage, nodal metastasis, and worse survival prognosis. Additionally, CTHRC1 is positively related to different tumor-infiltrating immune cells in KIRP and KIRC. Moreover, CTHRC1 was closely correlated with the gene markers of diverse immune cells. Also, high CTHRC1 expression predicted a worse prognosis in KIRP and KIRC based on immune cells. Copy number variations (CNV) and DNA methylation might contribute to the abnormal upregulation of CTHRC1 in KIRP and KIRC. In conclusion, CTHRC1 can serve as a biomarker to predict the prognosis and immune infiltration in KIRP and KIRC.
Highlights
Kidney cancer is among the top ten causes of cancer-related deaths
The results showed that Collagen triple helix repeat containing 1 (CTHRC1) was significantly high in various cancer tissues, compared to normal tissues (Figure 1A)
We found that CTHRC1 mRNA expression was significantly high in most human tumors, especially in kidney renal papillary cell carcinoma (KIRP) and Kidney renal clear cell carcinoma (KIRC), compared with the corresponding normal tissues (Figure 1B)
Summary
Kidney cancer is among the top ten causes of cancer-related deaths. There are various subtypes of kidney cancer based on mixed histology, clinical course, and gene course. Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is the most important type of kidney cancer [1]. Kidney renal clear cell carcinoma (KIRC) and kidney renal papillary cell carcinoma (KIRP) account for almost 95% of all renal cell cancers [2]. The diagnosis, examination, surgery, and drug therapy of RCC have been advanced. Its clinical outcome remains unsatisfactory [3, 4]. RCC is a heterogeneous tumor that requires useful molecular markers suitable for personalized therapy [5, 6]
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