Crystallization of Ionically Bonded Organic Metal Halide Hybrids

Abstract

Organic metal halide hybrids are an important class of ionically bonded crystalline materials with promising applications in high-performance optoelectronic devices, including solar cells, light-emitting diodes, photodetectors, and lasers. In addition to typical three-dimensional ABX3 metal halide perovskites, low-dimensional organic–inorganic metal halide hybrids containing metal halide building blocks with two-dimensional, one-dimensional, and zero-dimensional structures at the molecular level have also been developed and studied. To prepare single-crystalline organic metal halide hybrids, a variety of classical and non-classical crystallization methods have been investigated, including cooling crystallization, solvothermal crystallization, inverse temperature crystallization, and antisolvent crystallization. In this chapter, we discuss the basic mechanisms of all of these methods, their advantages and drawbacks for the preparation of single crystals, and various types of organic metal halide hybrid single crystals prepared using these methods and their properties. In addition, the issues and challenges in the field that need to be addressed in the future are highlighted.