Crystallization and X-ray diffraction of spray-dried and freeze-dried amorphous lactose

Abstract

Crystallization of spray-dried and freeze-dried amorphous lactose over different relative vapor pressures (RVP) and storage times was studied. Crystallization was observed from increasing peak intensities in X-ray diffraction patterns. Lactose was crystallized in the samples stored at RVP of 44.1% and above in both types of dehydrated powders. The rate of crystallization increased with increasing RVP and storage time. Similar crystallization behavior of both spray-dried and freeze-dried lactose was observed. Lactose crystallized as α-lactose monohydrate, anhydrous β-lactose, and the anhydrous form of α- and β-lactose in a molar ratio of 5:3 and 4:1 in both spray-dried and freeze-dried forms. Peak intensities of X-ray diffraction patterns for anhydrous β-lactose were decreased, and for α-lactose monohydrate increased with increasing storage RVP and time. The crystallization data were successfully modeled using Avrami equation at RVP of 54.5% and above. The crystallization data obtained is helpful in understanding and predicting storage stability of lactose-containing food and pharmaceutical products.