Crystal water-capturing and film-forming bifunctional electrolyte additive for stabilizing sodium iron hexacyanoferrate cathode for Na-ion batteries

Abstract

Due to its affordability, strong structural stability, and high rate capability, rhombohedral sodium ferrous hexacyanoferrate (FeHCF) has been identified as a potential cathode material for sodium ion batteries. Nevertheless, the presence of inherent crystal water and the susceptibility of its interface stability significantly hinder its capacity and cycling performance. In this study, we propose a novel modification approach involving the addition of ZnCl2 to effectively capture crystal water and facilitate the in-situ formation of a ZnO coating on the FeHCF surface. Due to the decreased crystal water content and the presence of stable ZnO interphases, the occurrence of side reactions between the electrode and electrolyte, as well as crystal particle cracks in FeHCF during repeated sodiation/desodiation processes, is effectively reduced. Consequently, the modified FeHCF demonstrates an extended operational lifespan of 1000 cycles, with an initial discharge capacity of 112.0 mAh/g and a capacity retention rate of 77.8 % at a current rate of 1C within the voltage range of 2.0–4.2 V. Our research offers valuable insights into the removal of crystal water and the engineering of incident interfaces to enhance the cycle life of FeHCF cathodes in sodium-ion batteries.