Cryopreserved intervertebral disc with injected bone marrow–derived stromal cells: a feasibility study using organ culture

Abstract

Background Context A recent clinical study demonstrated that cryopreserved allogeneic intervertebral disc transplantation relieved pain and preserved motion, thus opening up a new treatment option for degenerative disc disease. However, these transplanted discs continued to degenerate, possibly due to a lack of viable cells. Bone marrow–derived stromal cell (BMSC) implantation has been shown to delay disc degeneration. Purpose This study examined the viability over time of endogenous and injected BMSCs in cryopreserved disc under simulated-physiological loading conditions. Study Design/ Setting An in vitro study of BMSCs injected into cryopreserved bovine caudal discs. Methods Bovine caudal discs were harvested and cryopreserved at −196°C. After thawing, PKH-26–labeled BMSCs embedded in peptide hydrogel carrier were injected into the nucleus pulposus. Two BMSC injection quantities, that is, 1×10 5 and 2.5×10 5 were examined. Discs with injected cells were maintained in a bioreactor for 7 days under simulated-physiological loading. Cell viability (staining), gene expression (reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction) profile, and proteoglycan content (histologically) were evaluated. Results Forty percent of endogenous cell viability was maintained after freeze thawing. Over the 7-day culture, this did not change further. However, there was upregulation of Col1a2 and Mmp-13 and downregulation of Col2a1gene expression. Sixty percent of BMSCs survived the initial injection procedure, and only 20% remained alive after 7 days of culture. Bone marrow–derived stromal cell implantation did not alter the viability of the endogenous cells, but discs injected with 1×105 BMSCs showed significantly higher ACAN expression than sham discs. Conclusions Although only 40% of cells survived cryopreservation, these endogeneous cells continued to survive over 7 days if maintained under simulated-physiological loading conditions. Although only a small portion of injected BMSCs survived, they did have some effect on the matrix protein gene expression profile. Their influence on native cells requires long-term evaluation.