Abstract
Cryogenic storage (cryopreservation) of shoot tips or buds is recognized as the major method for long-term germplasm storage for species that are maintained clonally (Withers 1988; Towill 1990a). Cryopreservation of protoplasts, cells, tissues, and somatic embryos is also needed for many tissue culture operations to assure line purity and performance, and to avoid costly, frequent tranfers. Low temperatures reduce maintenance requirements and should provide safe, long-term storage if properly administered. Storage is accomplished either in liquid nitrogen (LN; -196°C), or in the vapor phase over LN (ca. -160 to -180°C). At these temperatures, molecular motion is greatly reduced, and no liquid water phase exists.
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