Abstract
AbstractBy accepted international standard, “cryogenics” refers to phenomena and processes occurring at or using temperatures below 120 K. Permanent gases, such as oxygen and helium, can be liquefied at ambient pressure at temperatures of 120 K or below.Cryogenic technology has contributed greatly to scientific research and is used in a wide range of industrial applications. Cryogenic condensation and distillation processes are widely used to produce high purity oxygen, argon, nitrogen, hydrogen, and helium for the chemical, metal, and electronic industries. These gases and others, such as natural gas, are commonly stored and shipped as cryogenic liquids rather than as pressurized gases. Cryogenic processes are also used to provide low temperatures to refrigerate, freeze, and store other materials, such as food and biological tissue, or to alter the properties of materials, as with superconductivity.A wide variety of specialized equipment has been developed for cryogenic processes and apparatus, including compressors, expanders, heat exchangers, and distillation columns. Specialized materials have also been developed to insulate cryogenic equipment, transfer lines, storage tanks, and transport vehicles.
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