Abstract
We have demonstrated the operation of a 12-channel Beyer-style SQUID-based time domain multiplexer. It was manufactured using a fabrication process that is cross-compatible between VTT and IPHT-Jena. The multiplexer consists of twelve 12-SQUID series arrays, each shunted by a Zappe-style interferometer array acting as a flux-controlled superconducting/normal conducting switch. By keeping all switches but one in the superconducting state, it is possible to select one active readout channel at a time. A flux feedback coil common to all SQUID arrays allows realization of a flux-locked loop. We present characteristics of the multiplexer and measurement data from experiments with a 25-pixel X-ray calorimeter array operated at T < 100 mK in a dilution refrigerator.
Highlights
Transition-edge sensors (TES) designed for mK temperatures offer state of the art energy resolution in single-photon spectroscopy applications from soft X-rays to γ-rays
The TES operates with strong negative electro-thermal feedback, converting the energy of an absorbed incident photon to a decrease in Joule heating measured as an output current pulse
We have designed and fabricated a compact 12-channel SQUID multiplexer that is useful for quasistatic measurements and characterization
Summary
Transition-edge sensors (TES) designed for mK temperatures offer state of the art energy resolution in single-photon spectroscopy applications from soft X-rays to γ-rays. The TES operates with strong negative electro-thermal feedback, converting the energy of an absorbed incident photon to a decrease in Joule heating measured as an output current pulse. TES calorimeter multiplexing has been demonstrated in the time [1], frequency [2] and code [3] domains (TDM, FDM and CDM). TDM is so far the most common and mature approach, it suffers from a noise penalty [4] which limits the number of channels that could be multiplexed without degradation in energy resolution. FDM and CDM do not have the noise penalty but are more difficult to implement
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