Abstract
Renewed interest in freeze desalination has emerged due to its advantages over other desalination technologies. A major advantage of the freeze desalination process over evaporative methods is its lower energy consumption (latent heat of freezing is 333.5 kJ/kg and latent heat of evaporation is 2256.7 kJ/kg). Cryogenic fluids like LN2/LAir are emerging as an effective energy storage medium to maximise utilisation of intermittent renewable energy sources. The recovery of this stored cold energy has the potential to be used for freeze desalination. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) modelling was developed to simulate the evaporation of liquid nitrogen to simultaneously conduct freeze desalination to investigate the feasibility of using cryogenic energy for freeze desalination. This integrated CFD model was validated using experimental heat exchanger test facility constructed, to evaporate liquid nitrogen to supply the cooling required for freezing. Parametric study on the LN2 flow rate to observe the volume of ice obtained was also examined using CFD, where increasing the velocity of LN2 by 6 times, increased the volume of ice obtained by 4.3 times. A number of freezing stages were required in order to reduce the ice salinity from 1.5% down to 0.1% as regarded by the World Health Organisation (WHO) as safe to drink. In the cryogenic desalination test rig, approximately 1.35 L of liquid nitrogen was required to reduce the ice salinity from 1.5% to less than 0.1%. Furthermore, the above results illustrate the potential of using the cold energy of cryogenic fluids such as Liquified Natural Gas (LNG) and LN2/LAir for freeze desalination applications as most cold energy during LNG regasification has been unexploited today.
Highlights
Sustainable resources of water and energy are essential for social, economic and human wellbeing in the modern world [1]
A number of freezing stages were required in order to reduce the ice salinity from 1.5% down to 0.1% as regarded by the World Health Organisation (WHO) as safe to drink
The two tests were analysed in terms of the inlet and outlet temperatures of liquid nitrogen; the temperature of ice forming at the surface of the copper tubes and the volume and salinity for the ice and brine
Summary
Sustainable resources of water and energy are essential for social, economic and human wellbeing in the modern world [1]. The basic substance for life is water, and it is progressively becoming a scarce resource with half of the population of about 88 developing countries affected by water shortages [2]. In these developing countries, 80% to 90% of all diseases are caused by poor water quality and 30% deaths are due to poor water quality [2]. The rate of increase of water consumption is twice the rate of population growth, where it doubles every 20 years [4]. There is a vast amount of water available on Earth, about 1.4 × 109 km3 [4]
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