Abstract
Lipid membranes can incorporate amphiphilic or polyphilic molecules leading to specific functionalities and to adaptable properties of the lipid bilayer host. The insertion of guest molecules into membranes frequently induces changes in the shape of the lipid matrix that can be visualized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) techniques. Here, we review the use of stained and vitrified specimens in (cryo)TEM to characterize the morphology of amphiphilic and polyphilic molecules upon insertion into phospholipid model membranes. Special emphasis is placed on the impact of novel synthetic amphiphilic and polyphilic bolalipids and polymers on membrane integrity and shape stability.
Highlights
Biological membranes are composed of a complex mixture of lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates forming a permeability barrier for cells and cell organelles
Staining of self-assembled aggregates in aqueous suspension is an easy and rapid method, the specimen is incubated with the staining solution (1 to 3% (w/v)) of uranyl acetate (UA), uranyl where the specimen is incubated with the staining solution (1 to 3% (w/v)) of uranyl acetate (UA), formate (UF), ammonium molybdate (AM), sodium phosphotungstate (SPT), or phosphotungstic uranyl formate (UF), ammonium molybdate (AM), sodium phosphotungstate (SPT), or acid (PTA)
4. (Cryo)transmission electron microscopy (TEM) of Phospholipid Model Membranes Interacting with Amphiphilic Bolalipids, 4. (Cryo)TEM
Summary
Biological membranes are composed of a complex mixture of lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates forming a permeability barrier for cells and cell organelles. The aggregates might be composed of lipids, surfactants, liquid crystals, peptides, In this review, report the use of form stained and vitrified for (cryo)TEM proteins, polymers,we drugs, and on mixtures which aggregate structures specimens such as vesicles, fibers, discs, orstands micelles. Even mixtures of these aggregates can be distinguished ((cryo)TEM for cryoTEM with vitrified samples or TEM using stained[20,21,22,23,24,25,26].
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