Abstract
The application of various materials in biomedical procedures has recently experienced rapid growth. One of the areas is the treatment of many of different types of bone-related diseases and disorders by using biodegradable polymer-ceramic composites. We have developed a material based on cryogel polyvinyl alcohol, mineralized with calcium phosphate. Composites were obtained by cyclic freezing-thawing, the synthesis of calcium phosphates was carried out in situ under the influence of microwave radiation with heating and stirring. The components of the composites were determined using the methods of IR-spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy and electron probe microanalyzer, as well as their morphology and surface properties. The biological compatibility of the material was investigated in vivo for a Wistar rat. The assessment of the quality of bone formation between the cryogel-based implant and the damaged bone was carried out by computed tomography. An improvement in the consolidation of the bone defect is observed in the bone with the composite in comparison with the control bone.
Highlights
Bones are capable of self-healing; it is common for there to be an external intervention to augment bone repair and regeneration [1]
The extracellular matrix (ECM) of the bone is a biphasic system, one third of which is composed of organic matter, predominantly type I collagen fibers, and the remaining two thirds consist of inorganic matter or bone salt, such as hydroxyapatite-like calcium phosphates
Osteoblasts are the main functional cells of bone formation and are responsible for the synthesis, secretion, and mineralization of bone matrix. They stem from mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), or progenitor cells, from the adherent portion of bone marrow and cover the surface of bone seams, forming a protein-like mixture called osteoid, which mainly consists of polymerized collagen chains, and is later mineralized into bone, mediated by the deposition of calcium and phosphate
Summary
Bones are capable of self-healing; it is common for there to be an external intervention to augment bone repair and regeneration [1]. Osteoblasts are the main functional cells of bone formation and are responsible for the synthesis, secretion, and mineralization of bone matrix. They stem from mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), or progenitor cells, from the adherent portion of bone marrow and cover the surface of bone seams, forming a protein-like mixture called osteoid, which mainly consists of polymerized collagen chains, and is later mineralized into bone, mediated by the deposition of calcium and phosphate. Osteocytes are inactive post-synthetic osteoblasts that migrated to the ECM matrix of bone. They connect with osteoblasts and other cells and play an important role in mineral homeostasis. The coordinated interactions between osteoblasts and osteoclasts maintain the normal bone mass and aid in the final bone remodeling [4]
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