Cryo-scanning electron microscopy (Cryo-SEM) of semen frozen in medium-straws from good and sub-standard freezer AI-boars

Abstract

A major limiting factor for commercial cryopreservation of boar semen for artificial insemination (AI) is the large individual variation to cooling, where the degree of cell dehydration during ice (re)shaping seems to play a major role. This study investigated, in the frozen state, the degree of dehydration and ice crystal distribution in boar semen doses whose spermatozoa displayed different viability after thawing. Cross-sectioned medium-straws (0.5 mL, n = 10 ) from a total of 10 stud boars classified as “good” ( n = 5 ) or sub-standard (e.g., “bad” freezers, n = 5 ) by conventional analyses (computer assisted motility and sperm viability) were examined by Cryo-scanning electron microscopy (Cryo-SEM) to determine whether differences between groups could be already distinguishable prior to thawing. The degree of hydration was monitored in relation to the areas of ice crystal formed extracellularly (lakes), the areas of frozen, concentrated extender (veins) where spermatozoa were located and the degree of compartmentalization (number of lakes) present. Irrespectively of the region studied, the gradient of main dehydration (as lakes) observed along the cross-section area of the straws was very irregular. Most spermatozoa were enclosed in the freezing extender matrix and no obvious signs of external membrane damage were observed. None of the Cryo-SEM variables significantly correlated with post-thaw sperm parameters ( p > 0.05 ) . However, we identified significant differences ( p < 0.0001 ) among boars for all ultrastructure variables studied, including the size of the veins, where differences in solute concentration is expected. We concluded that despite the large variability in ice crystal formation during the conventional freezing process among boars, this is unrelated to inter-boar post-thaw sperm differences.