Crustal structure, accretionary processes and rift propagation: a gravity study of the intermediate-spreading Valu Fa Ridge, Lau Basin

Abstract

The Valu Fa Ridge is an intermediate‐spreading (full rate of 60 mm yr−1) ridge located in the Lau Basin. In 1995 this ridge was surveyed using a multidisciplinary, geophysical approach to image crust and upper mantle structure, with the aim of investigating the processes of oceanic crustal accretion in a back‐arc tectonic environment. As part of this experiment a network of gravity profiles was acquired, together with seismic, magnetic, swath bathymetry and controlled‐source electromagnetic data. Presented in this paper are the results of forward modelling of a subset of the acquired gravity profiles, two oriented ridge‐perpendicular and one ridge‐parallel, using the preferred seismic models of Turner . (1999) as a basis of initial model construction. In addition, the gravity data set in its entirety has been used to calculate the mantle and residual mantle Bouguer anomalies with the aim of investigating variability in crustal structure, both density and layer thickness, and the nature of the underlying upper mantle. Of particular interest are the overlapping spreading centre between the Central and Northern Valu Fa Ridges, where seismic modelling implies a generally thickened crust and a magma chamber located beneath the overlap basin rather than separate chambers supplying each ridge, and the propagating rift tip and associated basin‐bounding pseudo‐fault. Modelling results suggest that the pre‐ and post‐rift crusts have different compositional origins, with lower densities required > 12 km off‐axis to fit the observed free‐air gravity anomaly. The locations of the transitions into regions of lower density correspond with those of Turner . (1999) derived from seismic modelling, which in turn correspond in location to the rift‐related pseudo‐fault identified by Wiedicke & Collier (1993). Calculation and interpretation of the mantle and residual mantle Bouguer anomalies also confirms the lower off‐axis densities and indicates a general increase in crustal thickness northwards towards the overlapping spreading centre between the Central and Northern Valu Fa Ridge segments. The presence of thicker crust, corresponding to a region of negative mantle and residual mantle Bouguer anomaly, implies that the region surrounding the overlapping spreading centre has been in the recent geological past, or is presently, the site of an increased magma supply. The residual mantle Bouguer anomaly also reveals features related directly to off‐axis lateral variation in density and layer thickness, associated with the southward propagation of the Valu Fa Ridge into the Havre Trough. Modelling of the north–south variation in crustal thickness along‐axis shows that the anomaly trend can be explained simply by thicker crust beneath each of the Valu Fa Ridge segments and the overlapping spreading centre between the Northern and Central Valu Fa Ridges. The observation of segment‐centred crustal thickening is consistent with models of ridge segmentation that suggest that melt influx is located towards segment centres and that segment length is controlled by the maximum lateral extent to which this melt can flow ( Macdonald . 1988 ; Tolstoy . 1993 ). However, the overlapping spreading centre remains anomalous from these models in that it also appears to be associated with thicker crust and an increased melt supply.