Abstract
Seismic investigations of the structure of the Earth's crust are summarized with representative results derived from seismic refraction, seismic reflection, surface waves, seismic tomography, receiver functions, and ambient noise analyses. These results are complemented by laboratory seismic measurements, as well as nonseismic data, including gravity, aeromagnetics, geoelectrical studies, heat flow, and studies of exposed deep crustal sections, xenoliths, and geochemistry. Regional and global seismic crustal models provide comprehensive descriptions of the crust at continental and worldwide scales. Seismic and nonseismic models of the crust provide essential data for understanding the composition, structure, and evolution of the Earth.
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