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Abstract
Many industrial processes require the nesting of 2D profiles prior to the cutting, or stamping, of components from raw sheet material. Despite decades of sustained academic effort, algorithmic solutions are still sub-optimal and produce results that can frequently be improved by manual inspection. However, the Internet offers the prospect of novel ‘human-in-the-loop’ approaches to nesting problems that uses online workers to produce packing efficiencies beyond the reach of current CAM packages. To investigate the feasibility of such an approach, this paper reports on the speed and efficiency of online workers engaged in the interactive nesting of six standard benchmark data-sets. To ensure the results accurately characterise the diverse educational and social backgrounds of the many different labour forces available online, the study has been conducted with subjects based in both Indian IT service (i.e. Rural BPOs) centres and a network of homeworkers in Northern Scotland. The results (i.e. time and packing efficiency) of the human workers are contrasted with both the baseline performance of a commercial CAM package and recent research results. The paper concludes that online workers could consistently achieve packing efficiencies roughly 4% higher than the commercial based-line established by the project. Beyond characterising the abilities of online workers to nest components, the results also make a contribution to the development of algorithmic solutions by reporting new solutions to the benchmark problems and demonstrating methods for assessing the packing strategy employed by the best workers.
Highlights
For many of the combinatorial problems found in manufacturing and design, there is no guarantee that an optimum solution will be found with today’s engineering software (Harman 2007)
Researchers agreed to anonymity for these commercial operations and so the exact locations of these centres are not presented. Since these tests were conducted in a real-time business environment, the choice of rural workers to participate in the study was controlled by the business process outsourcing (BPO) centre
Twenty rural workers participated in each rural BPO centre
Summary
For many of the combinatorial problems found in manufacturing and design (e.g. job shop scheduling, route planning or container packing), there is no guarantee that an optimum solution will be found with today’s engineering software (Harman 2007). There are many providers of online labour for work that can be characterised generally as ‘micro-outsourcing’ (the execution of small tasks in return for a one-off payment). These service providers range from large public operations (e.g. Amazon’s mTurk), which are open to almost anyone to undertake any task, to providers of private crowds (e.g. www.crowdflower.com) assembled for a particular task. Researchers agreed to anonymity for these commercial operations and so the exact locations of these centres are not presented Since these tests were conducted in a real-time business environment, the choice of rural workers to participate in the study was controlled by the BPO centre. The participants in Centre 2 were dominated by males
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