Abstract
8–10m class telescopes, combined with highly efficient instrumentation and superb seeing conditions, have set new frontiers not only for the observation of faint galaxies in the distant universe, but also for the spectroscopy of stellar populations in nearby galaxies, such as A- and B-type supergiants, luminous blue variables (LBVs), planetary nebulae (PNe), H II regions etc., which have been hardly observable with previous techniques. The detailed study of these individual objects provides information for star formation and evolution, stellar populations, chemical abundances, and hence important constraints for galactic evolution and cosmology (see also Prieto, these proceedings).
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