Abstract
The regulation of insulin secretion is under control of a complex inter-organ/cells crosstalk involving various metabolites and/or physical connections. In this review, we try to illustrate with current knowledge how β-cells communicate with other cell types and organs in physiological and pathological contexts. Moreover, this review will provide a better understanding of the microenvironment and of the context in which β-cells exist and how this can influence their survival and function. Recent studies showed that β-cell insulin secretion is regulated also by a direct and indirect inter-organ/inter-cellular communication involving various factors, illustrating the idea of “the hidden face of the iceberg”. Moreover, any disruption on the physiological communication between β-cells and other cells or organs can participate on diabetes onset. Therefore, for new anti-diabetic treatments’ development, it is necessary to consider the entire network of cells and organs involved in the regulation of β-cellular function and no longer just β-cell or pancreatic islet alone. In this context, we discuss here the intra-islet communication, the β-cell/skeletal muscle, β-cell/adipose tissue and β-cell/liver cross talk.
Highlights
Maintaining glucose homeostasis requires pancreatic islets cells’ secretion of several hormones including insulin by b-cells, glucagon by a-cells, somatostatin by d-cells and the pancreatic polypeptide (PP) by PP-cells
This review focuses on recently described adipose tissue’s secretions that crosstalk with b-cells
It is largely demonstrated that b-cell insulin secretion is regulated by a direct and indirect inter-organ/intercellular communication involving various factors, illustrating the idea of “the hidden face of the iceberg” (Figure 1)
Summary
Maintaining glucose homeostasis requires pancreatic islets cells’ secretion of several hormones including insulin by b-cells, glucagon by a-cells, somatostatin by d-cells and the pancreatic polypeptide (PP) by PP-cells. Figliolini et al demonstrated that biologically active islet-derived EVs are able to shuttle anti-apoptotic and pro-angiogenic mRNAs and miRNAs into endothelial cells, which is a promising target to improve islet transplantation [71] On this part, the role of intra-islet endothelial cells is to deliver quickly hormones into the bloodstream to regulate glucose homeostasis but is to influence the function and survival of cells through a close communication with b-cells involving secreted molecules. The role of intra-islet endothelial cells is to deliver quickly hormones into the bloodstream to regulate glucose homeostasis but is to influence the function and survival of cells through a close communication with b-cells involving secreted molecules This is a two-way communication and any endothelial and/or b-cell dysfunction will participate in diabetes onset
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