Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S), once recognized only as a poisonous gas, is now considered the third endogenous gaseous transmitter, along with nitric oxide (NO) and carbon monoxide (CO). Multiple lines of emerging evidence suggest that H2S plays positive roles in plant growth and development when at appropriate concentrations, including seed germination, root development, photosynthesis, stomatal movement, and organ abscission under both normal and stress conditions. H2S influences these processes by altering gene expression and enzyme activities, as well as regulating the contents of some secondary metabolites. In its regulatory roles, H2S always interacts with either plant hormones, other gasotransmitters, or ionic signals, such as abscisic acid (ABA), ethylene, auxin, CO, NO, and Ca2+. Remarkably, H2S also contributes to the post-translational modification of proteins to affect protein activities, structures, and sub-cellular localization. Here, we review the functions of H2S at different stages of plant development, focusing on the S-sulfhydration of proteins mediated by H2S and the crosstalk between H2S and other signaling molecules.
Highlights
Sulfur (S) is an essential element and is involved in the synthesis and metabolism of the sulfur-containing amino acids cysteine (Cys) and methionine (Met), as well as co-enzyme A, thiamine, biotin, iron-sulfur clusters, and nitrogenase
These reports show that the content of endogenous hydrogen sulfide (H2 S) increases during seed germination and that exogenous NaHS treatment enhances the production of endogenous H2 S, which in turn protects seed germination from damage by enhancing the activities of amylase and esterase, by reducing oxidative damage, by preventing the absorption of metal ions, and by repressing abscisic acid (ABA) signaling
In the des1 mutant of Arabidopsis, the content of H2 S remained unchanged after imbibition, and there was no significant difference in seed germination between wild type (WT) and des1 under a range of temperatures (15–25 ◦ C) and either 1 μM or 5 μM ABA [11]
Summary
Sulfur (S) is an essential element and is involved in the synthesis and metabolism of the sulfur-containing amino acids cysteine (Cys) and methionine (Met), as well as co-enzyme A, thiamine, biotin, iron-sulfur clusters, and nitrogenase. Mitochondria, can catalyze the production of H2S, using cyanide (CN−) and cysteine as substrates, H2 S is a toxic gaseous molecule with the pungent odor of rotten eggs and has serious impacts removing the toxin cyanogen. When can post-translationally proteins orcopper affect secondary [10].anDuring seed the germination of wheat seedmodify is inhibited under (Cu) stress,metabolism treatment with appropriate imbibition, theof endogenous increases in Arabidopsis under normal growth conditions concentration exogenous H22SSlevel (1.4 mM). Promotes guard cell movement to allow stomatal opening in light or vegetables, H2 S treatment delays premature leaf senescence and the decay of fruits after harvest via darkness [14].accumulation mutation of des leads to premature senescence leaves [15].
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