Abstract
SummaryCircadian rhythms influence daily molecular oscillations in gene/protein expression and aspects of biology and physiology, including behaviour, body temperature and sleep–wake cycles. These circadian rhythms have been associated with a number of metabolic, immune and microbial changes that correlate with health and susceptibility to disease, including infection. While light is the main inducer of circadian rhythms, other factors, including the microbiota, can have important effects on peripheral rhythms. The microbiota have been of significant interest to many investigators over the past decade, with the development of molecular techniques to identify large numbers of species and their function. These studies have shown microbial associations with disease susceptibility, and some of these have demonstrated that alterations in microbiota cause disease. Microbial circadian oscillations impact host metabolism and immunity directly and indirectly. Interestingly, microbial oscillations also regulate host circadian rhythms, and the host circadian rhythms in turn modulate microbial composition. Thus, it is of considerable interest and importance to understand the crosstalk between circadian rhythms and microbiota and especially the microbial influences on the host. In this review, we aim to discuss the role of circadian microbial oscillations and how they influence host immunity. In addition, we discuss how host circadian rhythms can also modulate microbial rhythms. We also discuss potential connections between microbes and circadian rhythms and how these may be used therapeutically to maximize clinical success.
Highlights
While light is the main inducer of circadian rhythms, other factors, including the microbiota, can have important effects on peripheral rhythms
Additional peripheral rhythms are needed for fine-tuning the circadian clock, enhancing responses to environmental cues, for example food intake, body temperature and the microbiota
We have discussed time-of-day-dependent differences in the microbiota and how they may impact host metabolism and immunity. While it is known the microbiota are associated with the development and progression of many diseases, little is known of the influence that circadian oscillations have on the microbiota, which may modulate disease susceptibility
Summary
The microbiota and the immune system have co-evolved to maintain homeostasis and help protect our bodies from pathogens.[1,2] Approximately 1000 microbial species reside in the human intestines, encoding a metagenome of trillions of genes, which are over 100 times greater than the human genome, with millions of unique genes.3-. Additional peripheral rhythms are needed for fine-tuning the circadian clock, enhancing responses to environmental cues, for example food intake, body temperature and the microbiota. These peripheral rhythms differ from central circadian rhythms in that individual circadian clock components differentially modulate both types of rhythms. ZT12 refers to 12 hours after light exposure
Sign-in/Register to view highlights & summary Talk to us
Join us for a 30 min session where you can share your feedback and ask us any queries you have
Schedule a callDisclaimer: All third-party content on this website/platform is and will remain the property of their respective owners and is provided on "as is" basis without any warranties, express or implied. Use of third-party content does not indicate any affiliation, sponsorship with or endorsement by them. Any references to third-party content is to identify the corresponding services and shall be considered fair use under The CopyrightLaw.
