Cross-Sectional Investigation of Brain Volume in Dyslexia

Carolin Ligges,Marc Ligges,Christian Gaser

doi:10.3389/fneur.2022.847919

Abstract

The goal of the study was to determine whether dyslexia is associated with differences in local brain volume, and whether these local brain volume differences show cross-sectional age-effects. We investigated the local volume of gray and white brain matter with voxel-based morphometry (VBM) as well as reading performance in three age groups of dyslexic and neurotypical normal reading subjects (children, teenagers and adults). Performance data demonstrate a steady improvement of reading skills in both neurotypical as well as dyslexic readers. However, the pattern of gray matter volumes tell a different story: the children are the only group with significant differences between neurotypical and dyslexic readers in local gray matter brain volume. These differences are localized in brain areas associated with the reading network (angular, middle temporal and inferior temporal gyrus as well as the cerebellum). Yet the comparison of neurotypical and normal readers over the age groups shows that the steady increase in performance in neurotypical readers is accompanied by a steady decrease of gray matter volume, whereas the brain volumes of dyslexic readers do not show this linear correlation between brain volume and performance. This is further evidence that dyslexia is a disorder with a neuroanatomical basis in the form of a lower volume of gray matter in parts of the reading network in early dyslexic readers. The present data point out that network shaping processes in gray matter volume in the reading network does take place over age in dyslexia. Yet this neural foundation does not seem to be sufficient to allow normal reading performances even in adults with dyslexia. Thus dyslexia is a disorder with lifelong consequences, which is why consistent support for affected individuals in their educational and professional careers is of great importance. Longitudinal studies are needed to verify whether this holds as a valid pattern or whether there is evidence of greater interindividual variance in the neuroanatomy of dyslexia.

Highlights

Developmental dyslexia affects about 5 percent of the population depending on diagnostic criteria [1]
Reading and spelling performance of the neurotypical readers stays within the normal range for all three age groups, whereas reading performance shows better performance with rising age for the dyslexic readers, reaching normal reading performance levels in adulthood
Spelling performance remains below average for all three age groups of dyslexic readers

Summary

Introduction

Developmental dyslexia affects about 5 percent of the population depending on diagnostic criteria [1]. The extent to which either the dorsal or ventral system is most involved depends on the skill level involved in the reading process: beginning readers rely more on the phonological dorsal system and skilled readers rely more on the well-trained ventral visual reading system [16–18]. In those suffering from dyslexia, the dorsal and inferior frontal components of the neural reading network consistently display functional differences compared to the neural reading network of neurotypical readers [19–21]

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Discussion

Conclusion