Abstract
BackgroundMost studies on the effects of sleep, sedentary behavior (SB), and physical activity (PA) on mental health did not account for the intrinsically compositional nature of the time spent in several behaviors. Thus, we examined the cross-sectional and prospective associations of device-measured compositional time in sleep, SB, light PA (LPA) and moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA) with depression symptoms, loneliness, happiness, and global mental health in older people (≥ 65 years).MethodsData were taken from the Seniors-ENRICA-2 study, with assessments in 2015–2017 (wave 0) and 2018–2019 (wave 1). Time spent in sleep, SB, LPA and MVPA was assessed by wrist-worn accelerometers. Depression symptoms, loneliness, happiness, and global mental health were self-reported using validated questionnaires. Analyses were performed using a compositional data analysis (CoDA) paradigm and adjusted for potential confounders.ResultsIn cross-sectional analyses at wave 0 (n = 2489), time-use composition as a whole was associated with depression and happiness (all p < 0.01). The time spent in MVPA relative to other behaviors was beneficially associated with depression (γ = -0.397, p < 0.001), loneliness (γ = -0.124, p = 0.017) and happiness (γ = 0.243, p < 0.001). Hypothetically, replacing 30-min of Sleep, SB or LPA with MVPA was beneficially cross-sectionally related with depression (effect size [ES] ranged -0.326 to -0.246), loneliness (ES ranged -0.118 to -0.073), and happiness (ES ranged 0.152 to 0.172). In prospective analyses (n = 1679), MVPA relative to other behaviors at baseline, was associated with favorable changes in global mental health (γ = 0.892, p = 0.049). We observed a beneficial prospective effect on global mental health when 30-min of sleep (ES = 0.521), SB (ES = 0.479) or LPA (ES = 0.755) were theoretically replaced for MVPA.ConclusionsMVPA was cross-sectionally related with reduced depression symptoms and loneliness and elevated level of happiness, and prospectively related with enhanced global mental health. Compositional isotemporal analyses showed that hypothetically replacing sleep, SB or LPA with MVPA could result in modest but significantly improvements on mental health indicators. Our findings add evidence to the emerging body of research on 24-h time-use and health using CoDA and suggest an integrated role of daily behaviors on mental health in older people.
Highlights
Most studies on the effects of sleep, sedentary behavior (SB), and physical activity (PA) on mental health did not account for the intrinsically compositional nature of the time spent in several behaviors
Mean of total time registered by accelerometers was 1430.17 ± 6.52 min in the cross-sectional sample, and 1430.30 ± 6.26 min/day in the prospective sample d Values for mental health indicators at wave 1 for prospective sample was: Depression score: 0.86 ± 1.57 (p = 0.061); Loneliness score: 3.76 ± 1.40 (p = 0.006); Happiness score: 7.42 ± 1.63 (p < 0.001); Global mental health: 50.35 ± 9.69 (p = 0.016)
Differences in mental health indicators between wave 0 and wave 1 in prospective sample was estimated by paired T-test majority of participants were women (53.07%), married (66.05%), never smokers (52.51%), and moderate drinkers (69.79%); most had primary educational level (48.21%), easy home economy (85.74%), and one chronic disease (38.57%); the mean total energy intake, body mass index (BMI) and cognitive function score was 1944.99 kcal/day, 27.76 kg/m2 and 27.99 points, respectively; and most obtained the highest score on the gait speed test (69.55%)
Summary
Most studies on the effects of sleep, sedentary behavior (SB), and physical activity (PA) on mental health did not account for the intrinsically compositional nature of the time spent in several behaviors. We examined the cross-sectional and prospective associations of device-measured compositional time in sleep, SB, light PA (LPA) and moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA) with depression symptoms, loneliness, happiness, and global mental health in older people (≥ 65 years). Most previous research failed to account for the compositional nature of time-use; we are aware of only a few studies, with a cross-sectional design, which used CoDA to investigate the association of time-use composition and mental health in older people [9, 12,13,14,15]
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