Abstract
Obesity incidence has reached pandemic levels, which is accompanied by high incidence and poor prognosis for various types of cancers including gastrointestinal ones. Mechanisms underlying the association postulated including elevated levels of insulin, IGF-I, and altered adipokine concentration, mainly towards leptin and adiponectin levels. However, it hasn’t been thoroughly understood yet. It is now widely known that obesity is associated with chronic low-grade inflammation, characteristic of altered immune cells infiltration in adipose tissue, and changed inflammatory cytokines and chemokines: tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-a), IL-6, and the chemoattractant monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1) and others, all together eventually promoting caner pathogenesis. Moreover, accumulating reports showed that excess adipose tissue in obese individuals resulted in elevated levels of systemic oxidative stress, another way promoting cancer development and progression. In general, altered immunological milieu and oxidative stress in obesity are important determinant for tumorigenesis.
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