Abstract
Oleoresin supercritical extracts from sea buckthorn were microencapsulated in whey proteins isolate and casein, in two states: native (N) and cross-linked mediated by transglutaminase (TG). The encapsulation efficiency showed values higher than 92% for total carotenoids and lycopene. Phytochemicals content was 352.90 ± 1.02 mg/g dry weight (DW) for total carotenoids in TG and 302.98 ± 2.30 mg/g DW in N, with antioxidant activity of 703.13 ± 23.60 mMol Trolox/g DW and 608.74 ± 7.12 mMol Trolox/g DW, respectively. Both powders had an inhibitory effect on α-glucosidase, of about 40% for N and 35% for TG. The presence of spherosomes was highlighted, with sizes ranging between 15.23–73.41 µm and an agglutination tendency in N, and lower sizes, up to 35 µm in TG. The in vitro digestibility revealed a prolonged release in an intestinal environment, up to 65% for TG. Moisture sorption isotherms were studied at 20 °C and the shape of curves corresponds to sigmoidal type II model. The presence of cross-linked mediated aggregates in TG powders improved stability and flowability. Our results can be used as evidence that cross-linked aggregates mediated by transglutaminase applied for microencapsulation of oleoresins have the potential to become new delivery systems, for carotenoids and lycopene, being valuable in terms of their attractive color and biological and bioaccessibility properties.
Highlights
Sea buckthorn is viewed as a plant with an exceptional functional and biological value, due to the presence of both lipophilic antioxidants and hydrophilic antioxidants in remarkably high quantities [1].For example, some of the main nutrients, lipids with highly valued fatty acid composition, contribute to the nutritional benefits of sea buckthorn products for consumers
The aim of this study was to microencapsulate, by complex coacervation, and freeze-dry oleoresins resulting from the CO2 supercritical extraction of sea buckthorn berries, in both native and cross-linked biopolymeric composite materials formed by whey proteins isolate and casein
The oleoresins from the extract had a lycopene content of 1921.63 ± 1.57 mg/kg dry weight (DW), whereas the total carotenoids content was of 4805.76 ± 11.01 mg/kg DW
Summary
Sea buckthorn is viewed as a plant with an exceptional functional and biological value, due to the presence of both lipophilic antioxidants (mainly carotenoids and tocopherols) and hydrophilic antioxidants (flavonoids, tannins, phenolic acids, ascorbic acid) in remarkably high quantities [1]. Some of the main nutrients, lipids with highly valued fatty acid composition, contribute to the nutritional benefits of sea buckthorn products for consumers. Several studies were recently focused on the identification of the bioactive compounds profile in sea buckthorn extracts. The main identified components are ascorbic acid, carotenoids, cumaric acid, quinic acid and various phenolics, including proanthocyanidins, gallic acid, ursolic acid, caffeic acid, Molecules 2020, 25, 2442; doi:10.3390/molecules25102442 www.mdpi.com/journal/molecules. Supercritical fluid extraction, as an alternative to the conventional techniques [15], has emerged in recent decades for the extraction and fractionation of oleoresin from different matrices
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