Abstract
Radiation-induced lung injury (RILI) is a form of radiation damage to normal lung tissue caused by radiotherapy (RT) for thoracic cancers, which is most commonly comprised of radiation pneumonitis (RP) and radiation pulmonary fibrosis (RPF). Moreover, with the widespread utilization of immunotherapies such as immune checkpoint inhibitors as first- and second-line treatments for various cancers, the incidence of immunotherapy-related lung injury (IRLI), a severe immune-related adverse event (irAE), has rapidly increased. To date, we know relatively little about the underlying mechanisms and signaling pathways of these complications. A better understanding of the signaling pathways may facilitate the prevention of lung injury and exploration of potential therapeutic targets. Therefore, this review provides an overview of the signaling pathways of RILI and IRLI and focuses on their crosstalk in diverse signaling pathways as well as on possible mechanisms of adverse events resulting from combined radiotherapy and immunotherapy. Furthermore, this review proposes potential therapeutic targets and avenues of further research based on signaling pathways. Many new studies on pyroptosis have renewed appreciation for the value and importance of pyroptosis in lung injury. Therefore, the authors posit that pyroptosis may be the common downstream pathway of RILI and IRLI; discussion is also conducted regarding further perspectives on pyroptosis as a crucial signaling pathway in lung injury treatment.
Highlights
Therapy for lung cancer risks producing adverse events, such as radiation-induced lung injury (RILI) and immunotherapy-related lung injury (IRLI)
We summarize three proposed signaling pathways that may account for the immunopathogenesis of immune checkpoint inhibitor-induced lung injury: generalized immune activation owing to checkpoint neutralization, preexisting autoantibodies, and off-target effects of T cell-mediated immunity
This study proposed that blockade of the PD-1-PD-L2 interaction can activate T helper 2 (Th2) cells and promote the release of cytokines that induce eosinophil transmigration from the bone marrow to lung tissue
Summary
Therapy for lung cancer risks producing adverse events, such as radiation-induced lung injury (RILI) and immunotherapy-related lung injury (IRLI). We summarize three proposed signaling pathways that may account for the immunopathogenesis of immune checkpoint inhibitor-induced lung injury: generalized immune activation owing to checkpoint neutralization, preexisting autoantibodies, and off-target effects of T cell-mediated immunity. Similar to RILI as mentioned above, an increasing level of inflammatory cytokines including IL-3, -6, -10, and -17; TNF-a; and TGF-b leads to checkpoint inhibitor pneumonitis due to generalized immune activation [121].
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