Abstract
Considering the prevalence of cardiovascular disease (CVD), significant interest has been focused on the gut microbiota-heart interaction because the gut microbiota has been recognized as a barometer of human health. Dysbiosis, characterized by changes in the gut microbiota in CVD, has been reported in cardiovascular pathologies, such as atherosclerosis, hypertension, and heart failure. Conversely, gut microbiota-derived metabolites, such as trimethylamine/trimethylamine N-oxide (TMA/TMAO), can impact host physiology. Further, bacterial dysbiosis can disturb gut immunity, which increases the risk of acute arterial events. Moreover, studies of germ-free mice have provided evidence that microbiota diversity and the presence of a specific microbe in the gut can affect immune cells in hosts. Therefore, the changes in the composition of the gut microbiota can affect host metabolism and immunity. Importantly, these effects are not only confined to the gut but also spreaded to distal organs. The purpose of the current review is to highlight the complex interplay between the microbiota and CVD via TMAO and different immune cells and discuss the roles of probiotics and nutrition interventions in modulating the intestinal microbiota as novel therapeutic targets of CVD.
Highlights
Paralleling the improvement of the social economy and aging population, cardiovascular disease (CVD) becomes the leading cause of death and disability worldwide
We aimed to discuss the compositional and functional changes in the gut microbiota in relation to CVD, determine the effects of Gastroenterology Research and Practice the gut microbiota on CVD from the view of trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) and immune cells, and evaluate how gut interventions can lead to novel therapeutic targets for CVD
These findings suggest that bacteria from the oral cavity and perhaps even the gut may correlate with disease progression of CVD
Summary
Paralleling the improvement of the social economy and aging population, cardiovascular disease (CVD) becomes the leading cause of death and disability worldwide. The microbiota in the gut, coevolving with the host, mainly colonizes in the colon It can perform multiple functions, such as fermentation of nondigestible dietary substances, control of intestinal epithelial cell proliferation, and prevention from propagation of pathogenic microorganisms [2, 3]. Accumulating evidence shows that manipulation of the composition of the gut microbiota affects host metabolism and immunity [4], whereas the effect is confined to the intestine and spreaded to distal organs through different pathways [5, 6]. We aimed to discuss the compositional and functional changes in the gut microbiota in relation to CVD, determine the effects of Gastroenterology Research and Practice the gut microbiota on CVD from the view of trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) and immune cells, and evaluate how gut interventions can lead to novel therapeutic targets for CVD
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